5th edition • published 2020
7" x 9" softcover textbook • 550 pages • printed in color
ISBN 9781894887588 (print) ISBN 9781894887595 (eBook)
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All Major Telecommunications Topics covered ... in Plain English. Packed with up-to-date information and covering all major topics. Telecom 101 is an authoritative day-to-day reference and an invaluable textbook on telecom.
Updated for the 2020s throughout, Telecom 101: Fifth Edition includes the materials from Teracom's popular Course 101 Broadband, Telecom, Datacom and Networking for Non-Engineers (also updated in 2020), plus additional topics.
Telecom 101 serves as the study guide for the TCO, Telecommunications Certification Organization, Certified Telecommunications Analyst (CTA) certification, including all required material for the CTA Certification Exam, except the security module.
Telecom 101 brings you completeness, consistency and unbeatable value in one volume.
Our philosophy is simple: Start at the beginning. Proceed in a logical order. Build concepts one on top of another. Speak in plain English. Avoid jargon.
Knowledge and understanding to last a lifetime... Build a solid base of structured knowledge and fill in the gaps. Cut through the doubletalk, demystify the jargon, bust the buzzwords. Understand how everything fits together!
The ideal book for anyone needing an understanding of the major topics in telecom, IP, data communications, and networking. Clear, concise, organized knowledge ... available in one place!
This book is totally updated for the 2020s based on the material from Course 101: Broadband, Telecom, Datacom and Networking for Non-Engineering Professionals, Teracom's instructor-led course, tuned and refined over 20 plus years.
Bringing the converged IP telecom network, broadband Internet, cloud computing, data centers and web services to the forefront, this book presents the necessary core knowledge set for anyone serious in telecom.
It is written for anyone new to telecom, getting up to speed, filling in gaps, and for everyone who do not have an Engineering degree specializing in telecommunications. Our goal is to demystify buzzwords and jargon, and to create a structured understanding of telecom including, most importantly, the underlying ideas, plus the technologies and services - and how they fit together.
The knowledge in this book draws from over 30 years of experience in telecom, working in jobs for telephone companies such as Junior R&D Engineer and systems engineer; as a consultant preparing telecom R&D tax credit claims; and through teaching many private courses for carriers onsite.
This book's style, the material included, the ordering and pacing, and even the jokes, are the result of instructing hundreds and hundreds of 2-day and 3-day courses on these topics over 24 years.
This book is the result. Telecom 101 is the course materials for the 3 day instructor-led course, augmented with substantial additional material, available in softcover textbook and ebook.
Telecom 101 is designed as a textbook, building one concept on another sequentially like an instructor-led course. It is also designed as a valuable day-to-day reference book and glossary.
Written by Eric Coll, M.Eng., our top instructor, Telecom 101 distills and organizes 30 years of learning and knowledge into a practical day-to-day reference book and invaluable study guide for non-Engineers.
Below in the chapter list and detailed table of contents, you will see that Telecom 101 is like many self-contained reference books with chapters on specific topics such as Internet, Wireless, IP, LANs and MPLS.
Instead of having to purchase multiple books from different authors to explain each of these topics, you get them all, bound in a single volume, in a consistent style and quality, for one low price.
An investment that will pay off many times over with career and productivity enhancement.
Order today to obtain this invaluable reference!
Telecom 101 is organized in four parts: The Fundamentals, Telecommunications Technologies, Equipment, Carriers and Interconnect, and finally Networking - the core knowledge for anyone serious about telecom today.
PART 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK
2. INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS
3. TELECOM FUNDAMENTALS
4. NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
5. THE INTERNET, CLOUD COMPUTING AND DATA CENTERS
6. TELECOM SERVICES
7. DIGITAL MEDIA: VOICE, VIDEO, IMAGES, QUANTITIES, TEXT
8. FUNDAMENTALS OF VOICE OVER IP
The first eight chapters of Telecom 101 cover the fundamentals of telecom, explaining concepts, filling gaps and creating a solid knowledge base. The introduction to the book is followed by a high-level pass of all of the topics from a big-picture view.
Progressing in a logical order, we cover provisioning of telecom circuits by carriers, telecom fundamentals, and then IP packet network fundamentals. Next is the business-side of Internet: ISPs, web services like AWS, data centers and cloud computing.
Then we review services by category: residential, business and wholesale. Next is digital media including how voice is digitized, digital text, digital images, digital video, and digital quantities. The last topic in the fundamentals is the fundamentals of VoIP.
PART 2: TELECOM TECHNOLOGIES
9. WIRELESS
10. FIBER OPTICS
11. COPPER
In the second section of the book, we explore wireless, fiber and copper - the three main technologies for transmitting information from one place to another.
We cover mobile network components and operation, spectrum sharing technologies, 4G LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi, fixed wireless broadband home internet and satellites.
Next you learn the fiber optic basics, how networks are built running Optical Ethernet with point-to-point fibers, wave-division multiplexing, and fiber in the core, metro area and to the premise.
We end with copper-wire technologies: the Legacy PSTN including DSL and POTS on twisted pair, Hybrid Fiber-Coax cable TV systems, cable modem standards, T1 and LAN cable categories.
PART 3: EQUIPMENT, CARRIERS AND INTERCONNECT
12. TELECOM EQUIPMENT
13. CARRIERS AND INTERCONNECT
In part three of the book, we explore equipment like switches and routers that are connected to form networks using the wireless, fiber and copper described in Part 2, and the purpose and place of each.
Then we learn where and how physical connections take place between carriers to connect PSTN phone calls, Internet traffic and CLEC services.
PART 4: NETWORKING
14. THE OSI LAYERS AND PROTOCOL STACKS
15. ETHERNET, LANS AND VLANS
16. IP NETWORKS, ROUTERS AND ADDRESSES
17. MPLS AND CARRIER NETWORKS
18. WRAPPING UP
The final part of the book is devoted to IP networking. First, to provide a structure for discussion, we understand the layers of the OSI Reference Model: what the layers are, what a layer is, the functions of each, and the standard protocol for each layer.
The next chapter is on Layer 2: Ethernet and 802 standards, broadcast domains, LANs and VLANs. Then, Layer 3: IP addresses, DHCP, IP routers, Network Address Translation, public and private addresses and IPv6.
We finish by learning about MPLS, the core traffic management system, and how MPLS is used to implement classes of service, VPNs, service integration and traffic aggregation.
We wrap up with a review from the top down of the technologies and finally a peek what is in the future of telecommunications.
APPENDICIES
APPENDIX A MODULATION TECHNIQUES
APPENDIX B LEGACY CHANNELIZED TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
APPENDIX C ALL ABOUT T1
APPENDIX D VOICE SERVICES AND JARGON
APPENDIX E LEGACY DATACOM TECHNOLOGIES
APPENDIX F ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Telecommunications is constantly change - technologies that were once widespread are no longer. To make room for the new, the discussion of these technologies and some related technical issues have been demoted to appendices, rather than deleted, so they are still available for those who deal with legacy technologies. The last appendix lists the acronyms and abbreviations referenced in the book.
1 Introduction to the Book
1.1 Our Approach
1.2 How the Text is Organized
1.3 How to Use This Text
1.4 The Three Answers
1.5 Answer Number 1: Money
2 Introduction to Telecommunications
2.1 History of Telecommunications
2.1.1 Invention of the Telephone
2.1.2 Local Phone Companies
2.1.3 The Bell System
2.1.4 The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
2.1.5 Consolidation
2.1.6 Broadband Carriers
2.1.7 Canadian Telegraph Companies
2.1.8 Canadian Telephone Companies
2.1.9 The Rest of the World
2.1.10 New Technologies and New Players
2.2 Convergence
2.2.1 Network Sharing Strategies
2.2.2 ISDN
2.2.3 ATM
2.2.4 IP: Third Time is the Charm
2.3 Broadband
2.3.1 How Many Bits per Second is "Broadband"?
2.3.2 4K Guilty Dog Videos
2.3.3 Universal Service
2.4 Today's Converged Telecom Network
2.4.1 Common Carriers
2.4.2 Core
2.4.3 Access
2.4.4 Edge
2.4.5 Residential, Business and Wholesale Services
2.4.6 Data Centers
2.5 The Network Core
2.5.1 Rings
2.6 Network Protocols: Ethernet, IP and MPLS
2.6.1 Optical Ethernet Point-to-Point Links
2.6.2 IP Packet Routing Between Links
2.6.3 MPLS Traffic Management
2.7 Network Access: The Last Mile
2.7.1 Twisted Pair Loops
2.7.2 Coax
2.7.3 Fiber to the Residence & PONs
2.7.4 Wireless: Fixed and Mobile
2.8 Anatomy of a Service
2.8.1 Access Circuits
2.8.2 Circuit-Terminating Equipment
2.8.3 Network Connection Type
2.9 Inside the Network Cloud
2.9.1 Core
2.9.2 Edge
2.10 Network Edge Equipment
2.10.1 Multiplexers: TDM, FDM and WDM
2.10.2 Circuit Switch
2.10.3 Router
2.11 Interconnect to Other Carriers
2.11.1 The ILEC
2.11.2 Toll Switches, Toll Centers and POPs
2.11.3 Switched Access Tariff
2.11.4 Internet Traffic Interconnections
2.11.5 Business Service Interconnections
2.12 Services
2.12.1 Residential Services
2.12.2 Business Services
2.12.3 Wholesale Services
3 Telecom Fundamentals
3.1 Data Communication Circuit Model
3.1.1 Information Theory
3.1.2 ITU Model: DTEs and DCEs
3.2 Terminals, Clients, Servers and Peers
3.2.1 Dumb Terminal and Remote Host
3.2.2 Client-Server
3.2.3 Peer-to-Peer
3.3 Representing Bits on Digital Circuits:Pulses
3.3.1 Two-State Transmission Systems
3.3.2 Range Limiting Factors
3.3.3 Repeaters
3.3.4 Comfort Noise Generation
3.4 Representing Bits in Frequency Channels: Modems
3.4.1 Passband Channels
3.4.2 Carrier Frequencies
3.4.3 Modulation
3.4.4 "Press 1 to Understand How Modems Work"
3.4.5 Radio-Frequency Modems
3.4.6 CDMA and OFDM
3.4.7 ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM and QPSK
3.5 Serial and Parallel
3.5.1 Serial Ports: USB, LAN, SATA
3.5.2 Serial in Parallel For High Bit Rates
3.6 Sharing: Frequency-Division Multiplexing
3.6.1 Baseband vs. Frequency-Shifted
3.6.2 Coax, Radio and Fiber
3.6.3 Parallel
3.7 Sharing: Time-Division Multiplexing
3.7.1 Synchronous TDM Channels
3.7.2 Trunk Carrier Systems
3.7.3 T1, SONET and SDH
3.7.4 Other TDM Implementations: PONs, GSM, CAN-BUS
3.8 Efficient Sharing: Statistical Time Division Multiplexing
3.8.1 Bandwidth on Demand
3.8.2 Packet Switching
3.9 Overbooking: Reducing User Cost
4 Network Fundamentals
4.1 Essential Functions for Communication
4.1.1 Bits
4.1.2 Coding
4.1.3 Error Control
4.1.4 Framing
4.1.5 Link Addressing
4.1.6 Network Addressing
4.2 Shared Access Links: Wi-Fi, PONs, CATV, CAN-BUS
4.2.1 Primary Station and Secondary Stations
4.2.2 Physical Connection: Multidrop
4.2.3 Wi-Fi
4.2.4 PON
4.2.5 Cable TV
4.2.6 Industrial Controls: CAN-BUS
4.2.7 Legacy IBM Mainframes
4.3 Point-to-Point Links: Ethernet
4.3.1 Ethernet LANs and Balanced Mode
4.3.2 Transition to Point-to-Point and Switches
4.3.3 802 Standards
4.3.4 Buses, NICs, Interfaces and MAC Addresses
4.3.5 Switches
4.3.6 Broadcast Domains and MAC Addresses
4.4 Data Link Frames & MAC Addresses
4.4.1 MAC Frames
4.4.2 Transmission Between Devices on the Same Circuit
4.4.3 Legacy Systems and Terminology
4.5 Packet Networks
4.5.1 Routers and Network Addresses
4.5.2 Packets
4.5.3 Network Connections
4.5.4 Traffic Management
4.6 Carrier IP Networks
4.6.1 Routers and Routing
4.6.2 IP Packets
4.6.3 Network Routers and Customer Edge Router
4.6.4 End-to-End Packet Relay and Routing
4.7 IP Packets vs. MAC Frames
4.7.1 Purpose of Frames
4.7.2 Purpose of Packets
4.7.3 Packets Carried in Frames
4.7.4 MAC Address vs. IP Address
4.8 IP Packet Format
4.8.1 Packet Header
4.8.2 Unreliable, Connectionless Network Service
4.8.3 TCP/IP and Reliable Network Service
4.8.4 UDP and Best-Efforts Service
4.9 MPLS Labels
4.9.1 Managing Flows of Packets
4.9.2 Traffic Classes
5 The Internet
5.1 A Network To Survive Nuclear War
5.1.1 Connectionless Network Service
5.1.2 Al Gore Invents the Internet
5.1.3 Who Pays for the Internet?
5.1.4 Primitive Beginnings
5.2 The Inter-Net Protocol
5.2.1 Gateways
5.2.2 IP: Common Packet Format and Address Scheme
5.2.3 Connectionless, Unreliable Network Service
5.2.4 TCP and UDP
5.2.5 Routing Protocols
5.3 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
5.3.1 Internet Access Providers
5.3.2 The Internet is a Business
5.3.3 Interconnect, Peering and Transit
5.3.4 Resellers
5.4 Domain Name System
5.4.1 DNS Servers
5.4.2 Domain Zone Files
5.4.3 SIP Records in DNS
5.5 Web Clients
5.5.1 Browsers
5.5.2 Apps
5.5.3 IoT Apps
5.6 Web Servers
5.6.1 HTML
5.6.2 HREFs and URLs
5.6.3 HTTP
5.7 Web Services and Cloud Computing
5.7.1 Web Server and Back End
5.7.2 Doing it Yourself & Dynamic DNS
5.7.3 Web Hosting
5.7.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing
5.7.5 Amazon AWS
5.8 Data Centers
5.8.1 Commercial Multi-Tenant Data Centers
5.8.2 Collocation
5.8.3 Heat and Electricity
5.8.4 Connections to Internet Exchanges
5.9 Net Neutrality
5.9.1 No Corporations or Government
5.9.2 Without Regard for Content, Senders, or Receivers
5.9.3 Many Different Meanings
5.9.4 Criminal Activities
5.9.5 Transparency
5.9.6 Devil in the Details
5.9.7 No Meters
5.9.8 Zero-Rating
6 Telecom Services Overview
6.1 Residential Services
6.1.1 Broadband Internet
6.1.2 Convergence Achieved
6.1.3 PSTN Phone Numbers
6.1.4 VoIP Service Providers - Internet to PSTN Service
6.1.5 Basic Cable, Streaming, Rentals
6.1.6 Dedicated Capacity for TV vs. Internet Traffic
6.2 Business "Data" Services: VPNs & Internet
6.2.1 Internet
6.2.2 Private Network: Dedicated Lines
6.2.3 Virtual Private Network
6.2.4 MPLS VPNs
6.2.5 Internet VPNs
6.2.6 Anonymizer VPNs
6.2.7 Web Services
6.3 Business Voice Services: SIP Trunking, PBX Trunks, PRI, Centrex
6.3.1 Centrex
6.3.2 Private Branch Exchange & PBX Trunks
6.3.3 ISDN PRI
6.3.4 Tie Lines and Voice VPNs
6.3.5 Islands of VoIP
6.3.6 SIP Trunking: VoIP Between Locations & Dial-Out
6.3.7 Connecting VoIP to Ma Bell
6.3.8 SIP / VoIP Trunking Cheaper than PBX Trunks
6.4 Wholesale Services
6.4.1 Facilities-Based Carriers
6.4.2 Value-Adding Resellers
6.4.3 Services: Dark Fiber
6.4.4 Wavelengths
6.4.5 Carrier Ethernet
6.4.6 IP Services
6.4.7 Internet Transit
6.4.8 Internet Peering
6.4.9 Bit Rates
6.5 Content Delivery Networks
6.5.1 Paying Transit for Data Center to Consumer
6.5.2 Cutting Out the Middlemen
6.5.3 Implementing a Content Delivery Network
7 Digital Media: Voice, Video, Images, Quantities, Text
7.1 Analog and Digital: What do we really mean?
7.1.1 Analog Signal
7.1.2 Analog Circuit
7.1.3 Digital Signal
7.1.4 Digital Circuit
7.1.5 Bandwidth
7.2 Continuous vs. Discrete Signals
7.2.1 Continuous Signals
7.2.2 Discrete Signals
7.3 Voice Digitization (Analog-Digital Conversion)
7.3.1 Quantization
7.3.2 Sampling
7.3.3 Coding
7.4 Voice Reconstruction (Digital-Analog Conversion)
7.4.1 Reconstruction
7.4.2 Quantization Error
7.4.3 Aliasing Error
7.5 Voice Digitization: 64 kb/s G.711 Standard
7.5.1 256 Quantization Levels.
7.5.2 8,000 Samples per Second
7.5.3 8-bit Coding
7.5.4 64 kb/s G.711 Codec Standard
7.5.5 64 kb/s DS0 Channels
7.5.6 64 kb/s Packetized Voice
7.5.7 AMR Codec for Cellular
7.5.8 µ-law and a-law
7.6 Digital Video, H.264 and MPEG-4
7.6.1 Digital Video Cameras
7.6.2 Factors Affecting Video Quality
7.6.3 Definition vs. Resolution
7.6.4 Standard Definition, Interlaced and 480i
7.6.5 High Definition, Progressive and 720p
7.6.6 Full HD 1080 and 2K
7.6.7 Ultra HD and 4K
7.6.8 Compression
7.6.9 MPEG
7.6.10 MPEG-4 and H.264
7.7 Digital Images: JPEGs and GIFs
7.7.1 Lossless Compression: PNG
7.8 Digital Images in Email: MIME
7.8.1 UUENCODE, Quoted-Printable and Base-64 Encoding
7.9 Digital Quantities: Number Systems
7.10 Digital Quantities: Binary
7.11 Digital Quantities: Hexadecimal
7.11.1 Common Use for Hexadecimal
7.12 Digital Text
7.12.1 ASCII
7.12.2 Unicode
8 Fundamentals of Voice over IP
8.1 The Big Picture
8.2 Business VoIP Phones
8.3 Voice in IP Packets
8.4 Soft Switches / SIP Servers / Call Managers
8.4.1 Terminal Control
8.4.2 Call Control
8.5 Media Servers: Video Servers
8.5.1 Basic Cable and PVRs
8.5.2 Video on Demand
8.5.3 Content Delivery Networks
8.5.4 Integrated Messaging
8.5.5 More Media Servers
8.6 Gateways
8.6.1 Media Gateways
8.6.2 Signaling Gateways
8.7 Voice over IP over LANs and WANs
8.8 Key VoIP Standards
8.9 Where All of This is Headed: Broadband IP Dial Tone
9 Wireless
9.1 Radio
9.2 Spectrum
9.2.1 The Need for Regulation
9.2.2 Spectrum
9.2.3 Frequency Bands
9.2.4 Capacity vs. Performance Tradeoff
9.2.5 Mobile Communication Bands
9.2.6 Unlicensed Bands
9.2.7 Higher Frequency Bands and 5G
9.3 Mobile Network Components and Operation
9.3.1 0G: The Mobile Phone System
9.3.2 Mobility
9.3.3 Base Station, Cell, Airlink and Handset
9.3.4 Mobile Switch
9.3.5 Backhaul
9.3.6 Registration and Paging
9.3.7 Handoff
9.4 Cellular Radio with Handoffs
9.4.1 1G: The Advanced Mobile Phone System
9.4.2 Cells
9.4.3 Frequency Re-Use
9.4.4 Analog on Radio Channels
9.4.5 AMPS Handoffs and Dial-Up Modems
9.4.6 AMPS Capacity
9.4.7 Sectorization
9.5 Second Generation: Digital Cellular
9.5.1 PCS and GSM
9.5.2 PSTN Phone Calls using the Phone App: "Voice Minutes"
9.6 Mobile Internet: "Data Plan"
9.6.1 Cellphone as a Tethered Modem
9.6.2 Packet Relay to the Internet
9.6.3 Dongles
9.6.4 Smartphone as the Terminal
9.6.5 Billing Plans and Roaming
9.6.6 The Holy Grail of Convergence
9.7 Mobile Operators, MVNOs and Roaming
9.7.1 Mobile Network Operator
9.7.2 Mobile Virtual Network Operator
9.7.3 Roaming
9.8 Spectrum-Sharing Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDM
9.8.1 FDMA
9.8.2 TDMA
9.8.3 CDMA
9.8.4 OFDM
9.9 3G: CDMA and HSPA
9.9.1 IMT-2000
9.9.2 1X or CDMA2000: IMT-MC
9.9.3 UMTS or W-CDMA: IMT-DS
9.9.4 Data-Optimized Carriers: HSPA and EV-DO
9.9.5 The End of the Standards War
9.10 4G: LTE
9.10.1 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network Long-Term Evolution
9.10.2 Radio Resource Controller
9.10.3 OFDM
9.10.4 3GPP Standards Committees
9.10.5 Qualcomm Patents
9.11 5G
9.11.1 Below 6 GHz
9.11.2 mmWave
9.12 3.5-GHz Fixed Wireless Broadband Home Internet
9.13 Wi-Fi: 802.11 Wireless LANs
9.13.1 System Components
9.13.2 Service Set ID
9.13.3 Unlicensed Radio Bands
9.13.4 Half-Duplex
9.13.5 802.11b and g
9.13.6 802.11a
9.13.7 Wi-Fi 4: 802.11n
9.13.8 Wi-Fi 5: 802.11ac
9.13.9 Wi-Fi 6: 802.11ax
9.13.10 VoIP over Wireless LANs
9.13.11 Wi-Fi Security
9.14 Communication Satellites
9.14.1 Transponders
9.14.2 Geosynchronous Orbit
9.14.3 Low Earth Orbit
9.14.4 Iridium Next
9.14.5 Orbcomm and Globalstar
9.14.6 Starlink
10 Fiber Optics
10.1 Fiber Basics
10.1.1 Lamdas
10.1.2 Pulses of Light
10.1.3 Attenuation and Dispersion
10.2 Fiber Optics and Fiber Cables
10.2.1 Core
10.2.2 Cladding and Coating
10.2.3 Cables
10.2.4 Fiber Count
10.2.5 Redundancy
10.3 Optical Wavelengths, Bands and Modes
10.3.1 Bands
10.3.2 Multimode and Modal Dispersion
10.3.3 Single-Mode Fiber
10.3.4 Chromatic Dispersion
10.3.5 Polarization-Mode Dispersion
10.4 Wave-Division Multiplexing: CWDM and DWDM
10.4.1 WDM
10.4.2 WDM Multiplexers
10.4.3 Optical Ethernet Paths
10.4.4 Current and Future Capacities
10.5 Optical Ethernet
10.5.1 Point-to-Point Connections
10.5.2 SFP Modules and Connectors
10.5.3 IEEE Standards
10.6 Network Core
10.6.1 Optical Ethernet, RPR and MPLS
10.6.2 SONET and SDH
10.6.3 Fiber Rings
10.7 Metropolitan Area Network
10.7.1 MANs to Office Buildings and Apartment Buildings
10.7.2 MANs to Neighborhoods
10.8 Fiber to the Premise (FTTP, FTTH): PONs
10.8.1 Passive Optical Network (PON)
10.8.2 Active Ethernet
10.8.3 PON Splitter Replaced with Layer 2 Switch
11 Copper
11.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network
11.1.1 Basic Model of the PSTN
11.1.2 Loops
11.1.3 Trunks and Circuit Switching
11.1.4 Remotes
11.1.5 DSL and DSLAMs in Brownfields
11.1.6 Greenfields: PONs on Fiber to the Premise
11.1.7 Active Ethernet to the Premise
11.2 Analog
11.2.1 Analog Signals
11.2.2 Analog Circuits
11.3 Capacity Restrictions
11.3.1 What is Speech?
11.3.2 Do Trees Falling in the Forest Make a Sound?
11.3.3 The Voiceband
11.3.4 Bandwidth
11.3.5 Why Does the Voiceband Stop at 3300 Hz?
11.3.6 Problems With Voiceband Restrictions
11.4 Problems with Analog Transmission
11.4.1 Attenuation and Amplifiers
11.4.2 Electro-Magnetic Interference
11.4.3 Crosstalk
11.4.4 Impulse Noise
11.5 Plain Ordinary Telephone Service (POTS)
11.5.1 Tip and Ring
11.5.4 Microphone and Speaker
11.5.5 Balanced Signaling
11.5.6 Two-Way Simultaneous
11.5.7 Hybrid Transformer
11.5.8 Battery
11.5.9 Lightning Protection
11.5.10 Supervision
11.5.11 Call Progress Tones
11.6 Network Addresses: Telephone Numbers
11.6.1 Dialing Plan
11.6.2 Address Signaling
11.6.3 Pulse Dialing
11.6.4 DTMF: "Touch Tone"
11.6.5 In-Band Signaling
11.6.6 "Hidden" Buttons
11.6.7 Caller ID
11.7 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
11.7.1 DSL: Modems Above The Voiceband
11.7.2 ADSL, SDSL and XDSL
11.8 DSLAMs
11.8.1 Coexistence with POTS
11.9 Fiber to the Neighborhood (FTTN), DSL to the Premise
11.9.1 Loop Length
11.9.2 Remote DSLAMs, OPI and SAC Boxes
11.10 DSL Standards
11.10.1 ADSL2+
11.10.2 VDSL2
11.10.3 VDSL2 Frequency Bands and Profiles
11.10.4 Bonding
11.10.5 Vectoring
11.11 Broadband Carriers: FTTN & Broadband Coax to the Premise
11.11.1 Hybrid Fiber-Coax Network
11.11.2 Frequency Channels
11.11.3 Fiber Serving Area
11.11.4 Television Converters
11.11.5 Modems on CATV Channels
11.11.6 Two-Way Communications Over Shared Access
11.12 DOCSIS and Cable Modem Standards
11.12.1 DOCSIS 1: Contention-Based Channel Sharing
11.12.2 DOCSIS 2: Reserved Time Slots on Channels
11.12.3 DOCSIS 3: CDMA on Channels
11.12.4 DOCSIS 3.1: OFDM
11.12.5 Wider Channels
11.13 T1 and E1
11.13.1 Time-Division Multiplexers
11.13.2 DS1 Frames
11.13.3 CSUs and Repeaters
11.13.4 Synchronization
11.13.5 Applications for T1
11.13.6 E1 Outside North America
11.13.7 TDM on Fiber
11.14 TIA-568 LAN Cable Categories
11.14.1 Category 1 through 5
11.14.2 TIA-568A vs. TIA-568B
11.14.3 Maximum Cable Length and Cabling Architecture
11.14.4 Difference Between Categories
11.14.5 Which Category To Use
12 Telecom Equipment
12.1 Broadband Network Equipment: Routers and Ethernet Switches
12.1.1 Carrier-Grade Core Routers
12.1.2 Carrier-Grade Ethernet Aggregation Switches
12.1.3 Enterprise Core Router
12.1.4 Enterprise Ethernet Switch
12.1.5 Enterprise Small Office Edge Router
12.1.6 Home / Small Business Edge Router with Wi-Fi
12.2 Broadband Customer Premise Equipment
12.2.1 Fiber Terminal
12.2.2 POTS Terminal
12.2.3 Cable and DSL Modems
12.2.4 Wireless Terminals
12.3 Telephone Circuit Switches
12.3.1 Circuit Switching
12.3.2 CO Switches
12.3.3 Line Cards
12.3.4 Digital Switching
12.4 Traditional PBX and Centrex
12.4.1 PBX
12.4.2 PBX Trunks
12.4.3 Digital Telephones: Electronic Business Sets
12.4.4 PBX and PABX
12.4.5 Attendant
12.4.6 Automated Attendant
12.4.7 IVR
12.4.8 Direct Inward Dialing (DID)
12.4.9 Automated Call Distribution (ACD)
12.4.10 Call Centers
12.4.11 Advantages of PBX
12.4.12 Disadvantages of PBX
12.4.13 Centrex
12.4.14 Advantages of Centrex
12.4.15 Disadvantages of Centrex
12.4.16 PBX vs. Centrex
12.4.17 Key Systems
12.5 SIP, Soft Switches, Hosted PBX and IP Centrex
12.5.1 Hard Switches
12.5.2 Soft Switches
12.5.3 SIP
12.5.4 Additional Functions
12.5.5 Location Independence
12.5.6 Customer Premise Softswitch
12.5.7 IP Centrex
12.5.8 Hosted PBX
12.5.9 Cloud-Based Softswitch as a Service
12.6 Gateways
12.6.1 Media Conversion
12.6.2 Signaling Conversion
13 Carriers and Interconnect
13.1 IX: Interconnect for Internet Traffic
13.1.1 Fiber to an AS
13.1.2 Transit
13.1.3 Peering
13.2 Telephone Network Architecture
13.2.1 Access Network
13.2.2 Switching Network
13.2.3 Transmission Network
13.3 PSTN Switching Centers, COs and Toll Centers
13.3.1 Class 5: Central Office
13.3.2 Wire Center
13.3.3 Local Calls
13.3.4 Class 4: Toll Center
13.3.5 Class 1, 2 and 3 Switching Centers
13.3.6 High Usage Trunks
13.4 Implementing Competition: LECs, POPs and IXCs
13.4.1 LECs, ILECs and CLECs
13.4.2 Inter-Exchange Carriers: IXCs
13.4.3 POP: Point of Presence
13.4.4 Switched Access
13.4.5 Equal Access and PIC Codes
13.5 Wireless and CATV Local Exchange Carriers
13.6 CLEC: Collocations and Dark Fiber
13.6.1 Unbundling
13.6.2 Dark Fiber and Dry Copper
13.6.3 Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC)
13.6.4 Collocations
13.6.5 Advantages
13.6.6 Disadvantages
13.6.7 Application
13.7 SS7
13.7.1 Carrier Interconnect
13.7.2 Call Setup
13.7.3 Out-Of-Band Signaling
13.7.4 Service Control Points and Service Switching Points
13.7.5 Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)
13.7.6 Switch-Based Call Routing
13.7.7 SS7 In Practice
13.7.8 Residential Service Application Example
13.7.9 Business Service Application Example
14 The OSI Layers and Protocol Stacks
14.1 Protocols and Standards
14.1.1 Functions To Be Performed
14.1.2 Monolithic vs. Structured Protocols
14.1.3 Open Systems and Standards
14.2 ISO OSI Reference Model
14.2.1 Layers
14.2.2 Separability of the Layers
14.2.3 Protocol Stacks
14.3 The OSI 7-Layer Model
14.4 Physical Layer: 802.3, DSL, DOCSIS, Wireless
14.5 Data Link Layer: 802 MAC
14.5.1 LANs, Frames and Layer 2 Switches
14.5.2 MAC Frames and MAC Addresses
14.5.3 Other Data Link Protocols
14.6 Network Layer: IP and MPLS
14.6.1 Packet-Switched Networks
14.6.2 Routing Table Updates
14.6.3 MPLS
14.7 Transport Layer: TCP and UDP
14.7.1 Reliability
14.7.2 Port Numbers
14.8 Session Layer: POP, SIP, HTTP
14.8.1 Password Authentication
14.8.2 Authentication Servers
14.8.3 Password Caching
14.8.4 Cookies
14.8.5 Client-Server Sessions
14.8.6 Peer-Peer Sessions
14.9 Presentation Layer: ASCII, Encryption, Codecs
14.9.1 Character Coding
14.9.2 EMail Coding
14.9.3 Codecs
14.9.4 Data Compression
14.9.5 Symmetric Encryption: Private Key
14.9.6 Asymmetric Encryption: Public Key Encryption and Digital Signatures
14.9.7 Example of Separability of Layers
14.9.8 Example of Peer Protocol
14.10 Application Layer: SMTP, HTML, English …
14.10.1 Email
14.10.2 More Application Layer Examples
14.11 Protocol Stacks
14.11.1 Example: Web Surfing
14.11.2 Voice over IP
14.12 Protocol Stack in Operation: Russian Dolls
14.12.1 Communications Flow
14.12.2 Segmentation at Each Layer
14.12.3 Nested Headers: Matryoshka dolls
14.13 Standards Organizations
14.13.1 ISO
14.13.2 DOD and IETF
14.13.3 ITU and Bellcore
14.13.4 TIA and IEEE
14.13.5 ANSI
15 Ethernet, LANs and VLANs
15.1 LAN Basics
15.1.1 Bus Topology
15.1.2 Broadcast Domain
15.1.3 Balanced Configuration
15.1.4 Collision Domain
15.1.5 MAC Address
15.1.6 Communication of MAC Frames
15.2 Ethernet and 802 Standards
15.2.1 IEEE 802 Standards
15.2.2 Ethernet vs. 802.3
15.2.3 Token Ring
15.2.4 Baseband LAN
15.2.5 10BASE-5
15.2.6 10BASE-2
15.2.7 10BASE-T
15.2.8 100BASE-T
15.2.9 1000BASE-T
15.2.10 Optical Ethernet
15.3 LAN Cables and Categories
15.3.1 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
15.3.2 Shielding
15.3.3 TIA-568 LAN Cable Categories
15.3.4 TIA-568A vs. TIA-568B
15.3.5 Maximum Cable Length and Cabling Architecture
15.3.6 Difference Between Categories
15.3.7 Which Category To Use
15.4 LAN Switches: Layer 2 Switches
15.4.1 Hardware
15.4.2 Purpose and Operation
15.4.3 Buffers
15.4.4 Frame Forwarding
15.4.5 Broadcast Domain Defined by Switch
15.5 VLANs
15.5.1 Broadcast Domains Defined in Software
15.5.2 Routing Between VLANs
15.5.3 Header Tag
15.5.4 Traffic Management and Network Security
16 IP Networks, Routers and Addresses
16.1 Definition of Network
16.2 IPv4 Address Classes
16.2.1 Packets and Network Addresses
16.2.2 Historical Network Classes
16.2.3 Class A, B and C
16.2.4 Network ID and Host ID
16.2.5 Class D and E
16.2.6 Dotted-Decimal Notation
16.3 Subnets and Classless Inter-Domain Routing
16.4 DHCP
16.4.1 Dynamic Addresses for Clients
16.4.2 Static Addresses and DNS for Servers
16.4.3 DHCP Client - Server Communications
16.4.4 DHCP Message Exchange
16.4.5 Lease Expiry
16.4.6 DHCP to Assign Static Addresses
16.5 Assigning Subnets to Broadcast Domains
16.6 IP Network: Routers Connected with Point-to-Point Circuits
16.6.1 Broadcast Domain at Each Location
16.6.2 Edge Router at Each Location
16.6.3 Default Gateway
16.6.4 Packet Creation
16.6.5 Packet Transmission from the Source
16.6.6 IP to MAC Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
16.6.7 Packet Routing
16.6.8 Overbooking & Bandwidth on Demand
16.7 Routers and Customer Edge
16.7.1 Customer Edge Device
16.7.2 Router Connects Broadcast Domains
16.7.3 Routing
16.7.4 Denying Communications
16.7.5 Packet Filtering
16.7.6 Port Filtering
16.7.7 Firewall
16.8 Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
16.8.1 Public Addresses
16.8.2 Regional Internet Registries
16.8.3 Unassigned or Private Addresses
16.9 Network Address Translation
16.9.1 Network Address Translator
16.9.2 Outbound
16.9.3 Inbound
16.9.4 Advantages of NAT
16.9.5 Implementation
16.10 TCP and UDP
16.11 IPv6
16.11.1 Expanded Addressing Capabilities
16.11.2 Header Simplification
16.11.3 Improved Support for Extensions and Options
16.11.4 Support for Traffic Management
16.11.5 IPv6 Packet Format
16.12 IPv6 Address Allocation and Address Types
16.12.1 Internet Registry Identification
16.12.2 Sites and Global Routing Prefix
16.12.3 Interface ID
16.12.4 Subnet ID
16.12.5 Allocation
16.12.6 Subnet Prefix
16.12.7 IPv6 Address Types
17 MPLS and Carrier Networks
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Overbooking
17.1.2 Congestion, Contention and Packet Loss
17.1.3 Class of Service (CoS)
17.2 Carrier Packet Network Basics
17.2.1 Provider Edge (PE) and Customer Edge (CE)
17.2.2 Access
17.2.3 Advantages of Packet Networks
17.3 Service Level Agreements
17.3.1 Traffic Profile
17.3.2 Contract
17.3.3 Business Decisions
17.3.4 Enforcement: Out of Profile Traffic
17.3.5 Abusive Applications
17.4 Provider Equipment at the Customer Premise
17.5 Virtual Circuit Technologies
17.5.1 IP Routing vs. Centralized Control
17.5.2 Traffic Classes
17.5.3 Virtual Circuits
17.5.4 SVCs and PVCs
17.5.5 Ingress Device: Packet Classification
17.5.6 Forwarding Based on Class Number
17.5.7 Differentiated Services
17.6 MPLS
17.6.1 MPLS vs. TCP
17.6.2 Forwarding Equivalence Class
17.6.3 Labels and Label Stacking
17.6.4 Label-Switched Path
17.6.5 IP User-Network Interface
17.6.6 Label Edge Routers
17.6.7 Label-Switching Router Operation
17.7 MPLS VPN Service for Business Customers
17.7.1 Private Network Service
17.7.2 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
17.7.3 Internet VPNs
17.7.4 MPLS VPN
17.8 MPLS and Diff-Serv to Support Class of Service
17.8.1 DS Codepoints
17.8.2 Assured Forwarding and Expedited Forwarding
17.9 MPLS for Integrated Access
17.9.1 SIP Trunking, VPN and Internet on One Access
17.10 MPLS for Traffic Aggregation
17.10.1 Label Stacking
17.11 M is for Multiprotocol: Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS)
18 Wrapping Up
18.1 Technology Deployment Steps
18.2 Requirements Specification
18.3 High-Level Design
18.4 Technology Roundup
18.5 Review: Circuits and Services
18.6 Private Network
18.7 Carrier IP Services
18.7.1 Five Main Flavors
18.7.2 Retail Internet Service
18.7.3 Wholesale Internet Service: Transit and Peering
18.7.4 Wireless IP Services
18.7.5 MPLS VPN Service
18.7.6 SIP Trunking Service
18.7.7 Physically Connecting
18.7.8 Advantages
18.7.9 Fiber Access
18.8 The Future
18.8.1 The IP-PSTN
18.8.2 IP Dial Tone
18.8.3 Services
18.8.4 Sea Change
Appendix A Modulation Techniques
A.1 Modulation of Carrier Frequencies
A.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
A.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
A.4 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
A.4.1 Baud Rate vs. Bit Rate
A.5 Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
A.6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
A.7 Constraints on Achievable Bit Rate
Appendix B Legacy Channelized Transmission Systems
B.1 The Digital Hierarchy: Legacy Channelized Transmission Speeds
B.1.1 Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera
B.1.2 DS0
B.1.3 DS1 and E1
B.1.4 DS2
B.1.5 DS3
B.1.6 STM and SDH
B.2 Digital Carrier Systems: Legacy Transmission Technologies
B.2.1 Technologies
B.2.2 Carrier Systems
B.2.3 T1
B.2.4 T3 and Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing
B.2.5 SONET and Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing
B.2.6 SDH
B.2.7 Line Speed vs. Technology
B.3 Framing
B.3.1 Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
B.3.2 Framing and Transmission Frames
B.3.3 DS1 Frame
B.3.4 STS-1 (DS3) Frames
B.3.5 SONET Optical Carrier Frames
B.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Channels
B.4 ISDN
B.4.1 Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
B.4.2 Obsolescence of BRI
B.4.3 Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
B.4.4 PRI Physical Connection
B.4.5 T1 vs. PRI
Appendix C All About T1
C.1 T1 History and Applications
C.2 T1 Circuit Components
C.3 Operation
C.4 T1 Framing
C.4.1 Superframe Format
C.4.2 ESF
C.5 Pulses and Line Code: AMI
C.5.1 Repeaters
C.6 Synchronization: Bit-Robbing
C.6.1 56 kb/s for Data
C.7 B8ZS and 64 kb/s Clear Channels
C.8 How T1 Is Provided
C.8.1 HDSL
C.9 Fractional T1, DACS and Cross-Connects
C.10 Subrate Data Circuits 1.2 kb/s to 56 kb/s
C.10.1 CSUs, DSUs and CSU/DSUs
Appendix D Voice Services and Jargon
D.1 Local Voice Services
D.1.1 POTS and Party Lines
D.1.2 CLASS Services
D.1.3 Local Measured Service
D.1.4 Public Coin Telephone Service
D.1.5 Directory Services
D.1.6 Business Services
D.1.7 Access
D.2 Long Distance Voice Services
D.2.1 Operator Services
D.2.2 Foreign Exchange
D.2.3 OPX: Off-Premise Extension
D.2.4 Tie Line
D.2.5 Private Networks
D.2.6 WATS
D.2.7 AIN Services
D.2.8 Virtual Private Voice Networks
Appendix E Legacy Datacom Technologies
E.1 "Asynchronous": Start/Stop/Parity
E.1.1 Asynchronous Communications
E.1.2 Framing: Start and Stop Bits
E.1.3 Parity Checking
E.2 X.25: Packet-Switching using Virtual Circuits
E.2.1 X.25 Network Structure and Operation
E.2.2 Reliable Network Service: Guaranteed Delivery
E.2.3 Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless Network Service
E.3 Frame Relay
E.3.1 Elimination of a Layer of Software
E.3.2 Unreliable Service
E.3.3 Network Structure and Operation
E.3.4 No Guarantees for Voice
E.4 ATM
E.4.1 Future-Proof Technology (Not)
E.4.2 ATM Cells
E.4.3 Service Classes
Appendix F Acronyms and Abbreviations
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